94 lines
2.9 KiB
Markdown
94 lines
2.9 KiB
Markdown
---
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title: The basics of Linux
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description: Simple examples showing you around Linux
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published: true
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date: 2023-06-27T07:54:18.672Z
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tags: linux, server
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editor: markdown
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dateCreated: 2023-06-27T07:54:18.672Z
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---
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# Linux Basics
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This guide provides a brief introduction to Linux, including basic commands and concepts.
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## Navigating the filesystem
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- Change a directory: `cd <directory>`
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- List files in a directory: `ls`
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- List files in a directory (including hidden files): `ls -a`
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- Getting the current directory: `pwd`
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- Going back a directory: `cd ..`
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## Managing Files and Directories
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- Create a new directory: `mkdir <directory>`
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- Create a new file: `touch <file>`
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- Copy a file: `cp <file> <new-file>`
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- Remove a file: `rm <file>`
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- Remove a directory: `rm -r <directory>`
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## File Permissions
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- Change file permissions: `chmod <permissions> <file>`
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- Change file ownership: `chown <user> <file>`
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- Change file ownership (recursively): `chown -R <user> <directory>`
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- View file permissions: `ls -l <file>`
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## Text Processing
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There are alternatives to nano, but it is the easiest to use.
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- Edit a file: `nano <file>`
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- View a file: `cat <file>`
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- View a file (with line numbers): `cat -n <file>`
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- Get the beginning of a file: `head <file>`
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- Get the end of a file: `tail <file>`
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## File Compression and Archiving
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- Create a tar archive: `tar -cvf <archive.tar> <file>`
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- Extract a tar archive: `tar -xvf <archive.tar>`
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- Create a zip archive: `zip <archive.zip> <file>`
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- Extract a zip archive: `unzip <archive.zip>`
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## Package Management (Ubuntu)
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- Update package lists: `sudo apt update`
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- Install a package: `sudo apt install <package>`
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- Purge a package: `sudo apt purge <package>`
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- Remove a package: `sudo apt remove <package>`
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- Search for a package: `apt search <package>`
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- Upgrade packages: `sudo apt upgrade`
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## Networking
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- Get all interface ips: `ip a`
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- Ping a host: `ping <host>`
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- Get the public IP: `curl ifconfig.me`
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- Get the public IP (alternative): `curl ipinfo.io/ip`
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## Firewall (UFW)
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Make sure to allow SSH before enabling the firewall, otherwise you will be locked out of your server. `sudo ufw allow ssh`
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- Enable the firewall: `sudo ufw enable`
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- Disable the firewall: `sudo ufw disable`
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- List all rules: `sudo ufw status`
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- List all rules (showing numbers): `sudo ufw status numbered`
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- Delete a rule: `sudo ufw delete <rule>`
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- Allow a port: `sudo ufw allow <port>`
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- Deny a port: `sudo ufw deny <port>`
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- Allow a service: `sudo ufw allow <service>`
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- Deny a service: `sudo ufw deny <service>`
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## Service Management (Systemd)
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- Start a service: `sudo systemctl start <service>`
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- Stop a service: `sudo systemctl stop <service>`
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- Check the status of a service: `sudo systemctl status <service>`
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- Restart a service: `sudo systemctl restart <service>`
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- Enable a service (start on boot): `sudo systemctl enable <service>`
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- Disable a service (stop on boot): `sudo systemctl disable <service>`
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- Reload a service: `sudo systemctl reload <service>`
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